Should The Government Have A Right Essay - 1082 Words

Should the government have a right to demand a backdoor to unlock iPhones? People who are advocates of the government having a backdoor to unlock iPhones believe that this act will help reduce crime in society. Apple is one of the most widespread and frequently used brands in today’s society. It is no astonishment that the government seeks to use this company as a resource for information on crime activity. This demand has recently resulted from the government being unable to access the information in the iPhone 5c of one of the attackers of San Bernardino. The assailant was one of the individuals accountable for the deaths of fourteen victims. â€Å"Prosecutors said the contents of the phone could provide crucial evidence about the attackers’ communications and contacts before the shooting.† The attacker is now dead and all that is left of his deeds and intentions is his iPhone 5c. This criminal was using the iPhone that millions of other people use every day to contact other criminals and most likely discussed the details of his tact ics. If the government has access to iPhones they are then capable of learning more about the criminals that use the phones and they can learn about their intentions in order to prevent further crime. Millions of people use iPhones including criminals and this form of communication is something the government needs access to in order to help prevent crime. People who are against the government having a backdoor to unlock iPhones believe that thisShow MoreRelatedRepublicans vs Democrats Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pagesfor many political positions, such as presidency. Each supports and opposes different issues. The Democratic Party supports a bigger government and believes the government should guide the people. They are known as Liberals because typically they like change. The Republican Party supports a smaller government and believes the people should guide the government. They are known as Conservatives because they are in favor of the core laws of this country. Some people do not consider themselves DemocraticRead More The Influence of John Locke Essay examples970 Words   |  4 Pagesreligion and state should be separated. (Jenkins 123) Locke considered the formation of government from man’s own nature, whether or not government is formed because man is a social animal or if government is formed to preserve society. According to Locke, man must not think that all government in the world is the product only of force and violence, and that men live together by no other rules but that of beasts. Locke also felt that to understand political power right, and deriveRead MoreThe United States And National Government1621 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States has a federal system of government where the states and national government exercise separate powers within their own spheres of authority. Federalism is a system of government where power is controlled by two levels of government, generally national and state. National government mainly deal with issues that affect the entire country, while state deal with smaller issues on a local level. James Madison says that the states and national government are in fact but different agents andRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1417 Words   |  6 PagesDeclaration of Human Rights (UDHR) delineates the basic rights and freedoms entitled to all humans. The freedom of speech and the right to express beliefs freely is a universal human right protected by Article 19 of the UDHR. It declares that â€Å"everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression† and can â€Å"ho ld opinions without interference†. The regional agreements of Iran, China and Bahrain are in accordance with the Universal Declaration and are fully dedicated to upholding the rights of the citizensRead MoreSocial Contract : The American Revolution, And The Irish Revolution871 Words   |  4 Pagesman and government have had a social contract that has been agreed upon. Philosophers throughout history have debated what the social contract is defined as and whether it was right for a citizen or government to break this contract. Multifarious revolutions in history related to the American Revolution, Bolshevik revolution, and the Irish revolution these groups of people fought for what they believed their natural rights were. Either party can break a social contract between a government and itRead MoreGovernment Must Ensure The Protection Of Individual Rights1137 Words   |  5 PagesThe words â€Å"power,† â€Å"rules,† â€Å"control,† will probably come up when thinking about government. But, what is government for? Can a society live without any type of government? The government is very important, and it is difficult to keep a society in order without rules. The government is responsible for setting rules and to enforce those rules to equally protect individual rights; to accomplish this, government should be appropriate for the society, be respected by its rulers, and function only asRead MoreMarriage Private By Stephanie Coontz1196 Words   |  5 Pagesauthor of this article makes is states should stay out of marriage and it should be left up to couples if they want to become married and receive the benefits of marriage, not the states. The author states that a marriage license is no longer used to determine the obligations that a married couple must keep to their children or to each other. It only determines who gets benefits from employers. Lastly, she states that using the license determine if the state should defend the relationship is unfeasibleRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights Is Outdated1573 Words   |  7 PagesSome might say the Bill of Rights is outdated, since it was written back in 1789. I would like to show how it is as relevant today as when it was first penned. Some people believe the Bills of Rights are outdated and need to be modernized. Our Bill of Rights should not be altered and therefore should remain the same. These rights retain an important role in American society and outlines specific freedoms for all Americans. They are essential to preserving our individual rights while ensuring freedomRead MoreGovernment Interference in Our Private Lives Essay1216 Words   |  5 PagesPrivacy Matters in Ame rica In the United States today the government tries to interfere in private lives. There should be no more laws made letting the government interfere in the private lives of people and if there are, people should stand up against this invasion in people’s privacy and sat no. Should the government have the right to interfere in people’s private lives? Does being a part of a representative democracy mean that people can give up their freedom to make their own choices to benefitRead MoreV is For Vendetta: A Civics Lesson Essay722 Words   |  3 Pagesallowed freedoms and rights which should be a must. Similarly in Civics class, we had discussed that in a democracy, citizens are assured that the government will protect interests in the form of rights (a freedom that is being protected, such as right to speech) and freedoms (power to act without unfair interference by an individual or state). So we can understand that the government is not acting as a democratic society because citizens do not have that advantage (of rights and freedoms). V

The Recording Of Sound Recorded By Edouard Leon Scott De...

Since its infancy during the nineteenth century, the art of sound recording has been profoundly affected in countless ways by inventors, scientists, and sound engineers. From the invention of the phonograph to the computers of today, they have all made contributions to the foundation of sound recording. Going forward, technologists in today s computer age are becoming more and more creative. There has even been proof that some researchers have had a hand in altering the course of history. With that in mind, the following questions need to be addressed: How was the recording of sound discovered? What technologies were implemented to improve the science? How has today s digital age affected sound recording? Was history really altered? Is there any debate? How was the recording of sound discovered? According to history, the first sound was recorded mechanically by Édouard-Là ©on Scott de Martinville (de Martinville) in 1857 on a machine called the phonautograph (and). His device would record sound by using a vibrating membrane that was attached to a pen (stylus) which drew a line in correspondence to sound waves onto a smoked paper roll attached to a rotating drum (and). The sounds were generated by vibrating diaphragm and a series of levers that moved the diaphragm from side to side (and). Even though de Martinville was able to duplicate sound, his machine was not able to play it back right after it was recorded (and). He made his machine this way because his intensionsShow MoreRelatedSound Effects Of Music And Sound In The Elizabethan Theatre745 Words   |  3 PagesHistory of theatre sound Sound is used to evoke emotion, reflect the mood and underscore actions in plays and dances. In China and India, around 3000 BC, used music and sound in their theatrical productions. Theatre sound has been used in ancient Japan theatrical events called Kagura. In Greek tragedies and comedies voices and songs made the sound of storms, earthquakes, thunder, depiction of hell and the appearance of god in plays. The Greeks used tools of drums and stones in reverberant machineryRead MoreDIGITAL vs ANALOG RECORDING Digital recording/ reproduction converts an analog sound signal picked900 Words   |  4 PagesANALOG RECORDING Digital recording/ reproduction converts an analog sound signal picked up by a microphone to a digital form. The process that allows this is called digitization. This allows the recording to be stored and transmitted by a wider variety of media. Digital recording stores audio as a series of binary numbers. These represent samples of the amplitude of the audio signal at equal time intervals. The sample rate is high enough to convey all sounds that can be heard. Digital recordings areRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On The Music Industry1496 Words   |  6 PagesBefore sound recording were possible, music was enjoyed live by watching the performers performing on their instruments in front of you. When sound recording became possible, the way we enjoy music was not limited to watching the performers anymore. By looking at the development of sound reproduction and the devices that are capable of sound playback, we are able to take a look at look on how the production and consumption of mus ic have been affected over the years in terms of portability, affordabilityRead MoreHow Has the Internet Changed the Music and Movie Industries3305 Words   |  14 Pagesof entertainment (and information) has impacted those long-established industries in as little as a few years: the internet. Recorded music, technically speaking, can be traced back to April 9th, 1860 with â€Å"Au Clair de la Lune† by Édouard-Là ©on Scott de Martinville . Though music existed long before this date, it marks the first time music was successfully recorded. â€Å"Movies† (rather, plays) as well were a long-enjoyed form of entertainment at the time, and only 28 years later in 1888, â€Å"Roundhay

Health Care Communication Free Essays

The patient who is distrusting of their nurse will not be compliant or may not take part in self-care. Nurses communicate each day with patients and coworkers. Building effective communication skills in the healthcare industry can lead to optimal outcomes. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Care Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first step to communication is to determine what the message to be conveyed is and put it in a logical order. Make the message brief. Choosing your words correctly will allow the receiver to understand what you are saying. Be considerate of the patient’s education, cultural, knowledge base and level of understanding. When you begin to speak be sure that you have the attention of the receiver, at the end of the conversation get feedback to ensure that your message was conveyed correctly. This paper will discuss the definition of health care communication, the relevancy of effective personal healthcare communication with other health care professionals and patients, relevancy of effective healthcare communication to health outcomes, and how the lack of effective personal and professional healthcare communications contributes to poor health outcomes. Healthcare communication can be defined as when an individual seeks information n health related issues. According to Healthy People 2010, (n. D. , overview), â€Å"Health communication encompasses the study and use of communication strategies to inform and influence individual and community decisions that enhance health. â€Å"The dissemination of information can be done via public communication or in an organizational context. Public communication refers to, â€Å"presentations, speeches, and public addresses made by individuals on health-related topics†. (Morehouse, 1998, p. 4). Health communication in the organizational context refers to how administration or staff provides information in regard to healthcare. The use of communication for healthcare issues is important to many people in that it increases awareness of healthcare risks, benefits, availability and support systems. Public communication utilizes pamphlets, public service announcements, etc. , to alert persons to health issues which can â€Å"encourage healthy behaviors, create awareness, change attitudes, and motivate individuals to adopt recommended behaviors. â€Å"(Healthy people 2010, n. D. , overview). When communicating with patients the nurse needs to look at the overall picture of the patient. This is his or her values, beliefs, culture and knows the health literacy of the attain. The degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. When a patient understands his or her disease process it helps that individual make the right decisions regarding their healthcare. A nurse who is able to understand a patient’s values, culture, beliefs, and incorporate them into the patients care builds a sense of trust between the patient and nurse. Communicating with other healthcare professionals also requires effective healthcare communication. Some nurses may not know their role responsibilities. As a charge nurse on the floor you can explain to that nurse what her role is. The charge nurse will need to be accurate in the information she provides, consistent, reliable in that the content is correct and up to date. When positive, caring relationships establish between patients and caregiver, patients report a greater ability to cope effectively with their illness and greater compliance with health care regiments. â€Å"(Morehouse Northouse, 1998, up. 79-80). Patients fear the unknown. Being in a hospital can be scary if they do not know what is happening to them. A nurse who speaks to a patient regarding his plan of care and shows empathy will give that patient a sense that he or she cares. A patient who understands his disease process will be able to make sound decisions, discuss treatment with family and cope with the situation. According to Williwaw, (2007), â€Å"There are five elements in the process of communication; the sender, the receiver, the message, the medium and internal and external static. â€Å"A problem with any of these elements can distort the meaning of what is trying to be conveyed. How to cite Health Care Communication, Papers Health Care Communication Free Essays University of Phoenix Material Health Care Communication Methods The following assignment options provide the opportunity for you to explore communication methods for different kinds of health care scenarios. The assignment options also allow you to examine the effects of HIPAA and other regulations on health care communication. Select and complete one of the following assignments: Option 1: Nursing Home Administrator Option 2: Communications Coordinator Option 1: Nursing Home Administrator Read the following scenario: * As the administrator of a local nursing home, you have just received notification that the organization is being purchased by a national group. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Care Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because of new policies to be implemented, many of the residents will be displaced. To make the situation more challenging, some of these residents have difficulty communicating, have no local family, and have not indicated that they approve the release of their medical information. Arrangements must be made for these individuals. Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper on the different types of communication methods for the health care organization described in the scenario. Include the following in your paper: The advantages and disadvantages of using traditional, electronic, and social media for health care communication The effects of HIPAA and other regulations on the use of these media for health care communication Cite a minimum of two sources, one from the University Library and the other from the course textbooks or Electronic Reserve Readings, to support your position. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Option 2: Communications Coordinator Consider the following scenario: * You are the communications coordinator for a national drug manufacturer. Recently, there have been reports of significant negative effects caused by one of your medications that is used by a significant population. News reports have alleged that one of the individuals affected is a well-known public figure. You are tasked with addressing the news reports and the general public regarding this situation. Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper on different types of communication methods for the health care organization described in the scenario. Include the following in your paper: The advantages and disadvantages of using traditional, electronic, and social media for health care communication The effects of HIPAA and other regulations on the use of these media for health care communication Cite a minimum of two sources, one from the University Library and the other from the course textbooks or Electronic Reserve Readings, to support your position. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. How to cite Health Care Communication, Papers

Marketing & Management Marketing Failure

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Management for Marketing Failure. Answer: Ethical issues in the marketing field and discussion of two companies in Australia who have been some issues pursue in their business Ethical issues in case of the marketing field increase from the conflictions and due to the lack of the agreement on specific issues. Organisations engaged in the marketing communications, which have a group of expectations. These expectations represent the business relationships and it will include the different shapes (Asian Business Review. 2016). Each of the marketing notions follows its own and definite issues, which have been discussed briefly in the following: Ethics in promotion as well as advertising: Advertising can highly offend some groups when they have higher interest to the other organisations. Business marketing sometimes uses the deceptive and the legal promotional issues in order to bring the consumers into the organisations. Unethical promotions also damage the business along with the consumers. This will hamper the image of the business as well as the marketing. In this connection, Choicebusinesssolutions.net. (2016) added that marketing promotion is an ethical approach and this will reflect a business to construct the trust in terms of the brand valuation along with the help of the each of the consumer. On the other hand, the negative advertising strategy is able to highlight the several limitations of the products of the rival organisations. It can also measure the intrinsic benefits about the service or the products. This ethical marketing strategy is referred as the political advertising (Asian Business Review. 2016). Legal: The promotion of the marketing issues reflects the compliance in terms of local, federal laws or ethics. As per the statement of Choicebusinesssolutions.net. (2016), marketers focused to the several brands, which is able to measure the brand reputation. In addition, in this purpose it can be mentioned that honesty is the major ethics during the dealing with the moral issues in case of marketing. Henceforth, maintenance of good relationship with the consumers as well as with the suppliers is necessary. On the contrary, Stephens (2016) argued that sometimes misinterpretation or misunderstanding violate the individuals own right or ethics. Deceptive marketing strategy and ethics: Deceptive marketing strategies do not include the definite limitation or the target market. Sometimes, these marketing strategies do not observe by the customers. There are several approaches of the deceptive marketing. Stephens (2016) mentioned that this is assumed to be beneficial as it is capable to represent in verities forms to the customers. Among them, one approach can be completed with the using of humor. Humor is helpful to relief from the several kinds of human limitation and therefore, some of the advertisers can include the benefits of this deceptive advertising technique. Anti competitive traditions: In order to discuss the several approaches of anti competitive traditions, Theaustralian.com.au. (2016) expressed that bait and switch is a kind of fraud. Here, the consumers are baited via advertisements of the manufacturing goods or services, which have a lower price. Nevertheless, in the reality, the consumers observe that the original products are not appropriately similar to the advertisement and henceforth, they are intended to switch to the other products, which are assumed to be costlier. Planning obsolescence is the other type of anti competitive strategy. With the help of this strategy, designing of the products have the definite necessary life. Pricing ethics: Writing-speech.dartmouth.edu. (2016) put that it is hard to find out the ethical pricing strategy for the businesses. In this purpose pricing segmentation, depend upon predatory pricing. As per this concept of pricing policy, t is the suitable approach of the sales of the products as well as the services in terms of the very lower prices. Moreover, this type of pricing policy is helpful to determine or intend to fetch the rivals from the market or it is possible to create a barrier that the competitors cannot enter in this same market. In order to discuss the ethical issues of two Australian companies, this study has been discussed the marketing ethics of Holden Colorado and Rockpool. Holden Colorado is an eminent car manufacturing company is Australia whereas Rockpool is one of the largest restaurants in Sydney. Rockpool.com. (2016) stated that, Rockpool used to deliver greater quality of food to its consumers. Although, the price of the foods is little high, the foods they served to the customers are high quality. Most of the consumers are seeking to get the service of Rockpool with the family members. They have the comparative advantage in the seafood items. In this context, it can be stated that Rockpool fetch out the competitors from the market. In addition, the service provide by this restaurant is also very good. For which the consumes are also interested to visit to this particular restaurant. Instead of this, Rockpool also prepare foods for the vegans. In order to improve their service in the future, Rockpool arrange a feedback or review section, which helps them to rectify whether there exist any shortcoming or not. They also advertise their products or promote new menus through social networking sites. This will help to the consumers to know about the new items or offers. Holden Colorado provides greater performance of the manufacturing cars engine to the consumers (Stephens 2016). In addition, it offers to its customers family friendly and the five seaters car. Moreover, in order to discuss the ethical issues, it can be recommended that the differences between the principle valuation and the own self-interest measure that how it is difficult to take decision regarding the programming of the cars. These are marketing strategy of this specified car manufacturing company and hence, the consumers are willing to purchase this car. On the other hand, in order to get the comfort at the time of riding, the strategy of Holden Colorado is to use several materials, which keeps the cabin warmer. The diesel engine is loud but it is enthusiastic. The best part of this car is the presence of the automatic gearbox. As a result, the adaption of these marketing strategies helps to achieve the Australian New Car Assessment Program reward. Topic 4: Issues in labeling and packing in Australia The objective of the study is to highlight on what the different issues are faced by different Australian organization in labeling and packaging. There are different issues faced by different Australian companies in labeling and packaging. Labeling and packaging are the two important aspect of marketing in the recent time. There are a variety of pressing issues that are faced in this particular industry (Aaker, 2013). Food industry is one of the most popular as well common industries in Australia. Some of these left individual operator to manage, some are legislated and other handled by trade association. However, there are certain consumer rights which majority of the consumers prefers in the business process. It is one of the basic rights of the customers to get the complete information about the product, which includes obesity, nutritional content, food safety, and other additional information of the products (Armstrong and Kotler, 2013). Packing and labeling process Packaging is the process of covering, wrapping of goods into a package. On the other hand, the notion of packaging involves in the process of designing and producing the wrapper for a product. The overall concept of packaging is next to grading and branding. The overall idea of packaging and is very much essential towards offering goods in safe and secures position to the customers (Hood, 2013). The primary function of packaging is one of the most essential as well as one of the most crucial parts as it includes five major factors, which includes presentation, protection, preservation, economy and convenience. On the other hand, the secondary function of labeling includes the notion of the identification, suitability; labeling and handling are some of the unique features, which included in the process packaging. At present in Australia labeling and packaging have become the two most important features of marketing. However, in recent time there are certain issues faced in both packag ing as well as in labeling in Australian market. On the other hand, there are three labels of packaging which are included in the overall business process, which includes brand label, grade label and informative label (Kotler, 2012). Major issues faced in the Australian market packing and labeling In recent time, some of the major issues faced in the product packaging include overweight, breakage, pilferage, moisture, and temperature. Apart from this, there are some additional issues which different marketers in Australia faces in the overall process of packaging and labeling. There are certain rules and regulations developed by the government of Australia to follow a proper process of packaging and labeling. Some of the most important issues faced in the overall packaging and labeling are highlighted in the following part of the assignment in a diversified manner (Kotler and Armstrong, 2012). There are many people globally who prefers to know about the products and services that they are using. Sometimes marketers use different label information to misguide the customers about the content of the product. It is one of the most important issues, which the Australian market faces, in the marketing process. There are certain ethical consideration made by the Australian government in the process of making some compulsory activities in the packaging and labeling. The identification of the products hugely depends in the process of packaging and labeling. There are several classifications in the process of packaging, which includes problems with packaging graphics, problems with safety, problems with environmental issues and many more. There are several rules and regulations need to follow by the companies regarding all the aspects of the labeling and packaging. It is one of the most crucial parts in the overall market structure (Kurtz and Boone, 2012). There are several advantages in the process of labeling and packaging. It acts as a source of advertise for the marketers to the consumers which describes the product specifications along with the background of the companies. Unfortunately, ethics contributes a significant part in the problems with packaging and labeling. Packaging need to provide a certain amount of information to the customers based on the pro duct specification and background of the company, depending upon the nature as well as type of the products. Thus, it is extremely important for the for the marketers to ensure the potential customers by providing the proper information to the consumers (Matthew Moore, 2016). This part of the analysis will ensure in the process of the issues faced by the marketers in labeling based on the graphics. Many cases in which the marketers use different graphical representation do not represent the actual product. In order to make the overall product more attractive different marketers represents false graphical representations. The second part of the study will ensure as well as highlight what are the different kinds of measures and problems that can be achieved towards making the product safety (Pride and Ferrell, 2012). Consumers are very much concerned with the product packaging mainly incase for the children products. All the children products include needs to be maintained in a proper manner, which will ensure that the products are safe and secured. Australia is one of the most pollution free countries across the world. The recent issue, which is highlighted in the overall proceedings of the business, is the application of the biodegradable packaging system . It is one of the healthy decision-making polices that the government has decided to adopt in the process of packaging. It is one of the most important environmental safety measures adopted by the government in order to protect the ecosystem and maintains diversity in the environment (The Australian, 2016). Ethics Considerations of the Government There are different companies, which faces the certain issues in the process of a proper labeling and packaging in the business operations. Labeling is the identification of the product on the other hand packaging means safety of the products (The Sydney Morning Herald, 2016). Both identification as well as safety of the products is equally important in the overall business process. There are certain issues, which have been identified in the process of labeling and packaging. All the major issues of labeling and packaging are highlighted in the study and most importantly there are certain key measures, which the Australian government has adopted in order to solve these particular problems by developing different kinds of ethics (Yost, 2012). Reference List Aaker, D. (2013).Marketing research. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Armstrong, G. and Kotler, P. (2013).Marketing. Boston: Prentice Hall. Hood, D. (2013).The marketing manifesto. London: Kogan Page. Kotler, P. (2012).Principles of marketing. Singapore: Pearson/Prentice-Hall. Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2012).Principles of marketing. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall. Kurtz, D. and Boone, L. (2012).Principles of contemporary marketing. Australia: Southwestern Cengage Learning. Matthew Moore, F. (2016).Food safety failures. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/national/food-safety-failures-20090711-dgmq.html [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Pride, W. and Ferrell, O. (2012).Marketing. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. The Australian. (2016).The Australian. [online] Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/ [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. The Sydney Morning Herald. (2016).The deal threatening Australia's food labelling laws. [online] Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/food-labelling-and-product-safety-laws-in-jeopardy-under-tpp-says-choice-20160310-gnfss6.html [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Yost, O. (2012).Packaging and labeling handbook. Delhi: White Word Publications Asian Business Review. (2016).Asian Business Review. Available at: https://jabr.weebly.com/ [Accessed on 20 Aug. 2016]. Choicebusinesssolutions.net. (2016).Managing Your People and Your Business Processes - Choice Business Solutions. Available at: https://www.choicebusinesssolutions.net/ [Accessed on 20 Aug. 2016]. Rockpool.com. (2016).Rockpool Bar and Grill Sydney - Rockpool Group. Available at: https://www.rockpool.com/rockpoolbarandgrillsydney/ [Accessed on 20 Aug. 2016]. Stephens, J. (2016).Who to kill? The ethical dilemma for driverless car manufacturers. The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/who-to-kill-the-ethical-dilemma-for-driverless-car-manufacturers-20160623-gpqkwk.html [Accessed on 20 Aug. 2016]. Theaustralian.com.au. (2016).Business Live | Business News | Stock Market Financial News | The Australian. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business [Accessed on 20 Aug. 2016]. Writing-speech.dartmouth.edu. (2016).What is an Academic Paper? | Institute for Writing and Rhetoric. Available at: https://writing-speech.dartmouth.edu/learning/materials/materials-first-year-writers/what-academic-paper [Accessed on 20 Aug. 2016].

Nature v/s Nurture in Human behaviour development

People behave differently when exposed to similar circumstances; behaviour is an element of genetic factors, attitude, social norms and perceived behavioural conduct that stimulates a response to a certain action or situation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nature v/s Nurture in Human behaviour development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Psychologists have continued debate whether behaviour is a function of nature or nurture. Genetics predispositions  endow human beings with inborn abilities and traits, whereas socialisation process shapes the inborn abilities and traits (Wendy,1999). This paper looks into how genetic predispositions  (nature) and environment (nurture) factors shapes human behaviour. Human behaviour development Debates on whether human behaviour is affected by nurture or nature started getting attention in the 13th century when some psychologists supported genetic predispositions  (nature theory of human behaviour) whereas others were of the opinion that the determinant of human behaviour is the socialization that a person has undergone through (empiricism theory of human behaviour). Recent research and developments in psychology has found that both nature and nurture have a role to play in human behaviour development. Biological processes (nature) A child is a product of its mother and father; physical attributes that the parents had are more likely to be seen in the child. The child may look like the mother or the father and sometimes a relative. The child has these genetic attributes; they are hereditary. When it comes to someone’s behaviour, intelligence, attitude and character, the effect of hereditary aspects is minimal although it has a part to play. Genetics endows human beings with inborn abilities and traits, they are different in different people; these inborn traits can be traced down a certain family despite the socialisation process its people h ave undergone. For example, some families are highly tempered while others prefer a peaceful process of solving issues (Vadackumchery Kattakayam, 2000). Scientists are of the opinion that abstract characters like intelligence, personality, and sexual orientation can be traced in someone’s deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) analysis. A persons DNA is a factor of biological genetics. Studies done on identical twins have shown that they are different in their own way; however, there are some behaviour traits similar to them whether they have been raised under the same condition or different circumstances.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their reasoning, attitude and sexual orientation have a great deal of similarities. These similarities are proving that they have some genetic attributes deeply instilled in their behaviour. Genetic theory of schizophrenia supports that children born by depressed or stress families are more likely to be stressed later in life whether they have been brought up in the family or not. For example, the world’s concordance rate stands at 1%, however the rate is more in MZ twins than in DZ twins where the rates are 50% and 17% respectively. Research on gender attributes of human being has shown that the identity of whether one is a man or a woman is developed at birth. Some attributes cannot be shaped by socialisation factors for example the differences at adolescent and the effect it has on male and female behaviour. In the support of genetic theory of gender identity, a research was done on Reimer twins, the twins were born male with XY sex chromosomes. After an accident surgery, one of the children was raised as a girl. At later stages in life before and after adolescence, the child refused to be socialized as a girl and developed male socialisation. This supported existence of male genetics that had been developed in the child at birth. Some drawbacks of the theory of nature are that when adopted, it can be used to reinforce and justify indiscipline in the community like criminal acts  or justify  divorce. People may believe that people doing such criminal acts are doing it beyond their control since the genetic powers in them have the control over their behaviour. The concepts of â€Å"born a criminal†, or â€Å"born holy†, may be used to define someone’s character. Of late, there is a heated debate whether gays and lesbianism should be accepted in the society; some supporters are using the theory of nature to support the behaviour (Shaffer    Kipp, 2009). Nurture and human behavior According to empiricism theory of human behaviour, human behaviour is shaped by socialisation that a person has undergone. The choice of one’s actions, attitudes, perception and personality are shaped by the socialisation that starts before a child’s birth and is unending.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nature v/s Nurture in Human behaviour development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At birth, a child is seen as innocent; mentors, peers and the environment around him or her shape the character and attitude he or she develops. Supporters of the theory do not discount that hereditary factors affect human behaviour but are of the opinion that they do not matter. Their influence is only that a person has to be born with some attributes that are reshaped and changed by the environment they are brought up. They are of the opinion that environmental factors are responsible of human behaviour. No man was born a criminal but the criminality in him or her was developed through the process of socialisation. The theory is of the opinion that the learnt behaviour can be changed or moulded by use of appropriate reward/punishment reinforcing mechanism. People learn through observation and imitation of ro le models and the learnt traits are reinforced through the process called vicarious reinforcement. For example, a child may observe an adult being generous, and then the adult gets respect and praise from his peers. A child observing such behaviour may decide to imitate and as a result moulds its behaviour to develop a generous personality trait. B. F. Skinner’s early experiments theory of operant conditioning supports the nurture theory of human behaviour. He demonstrated that human behaviour is moulded through stimulus. In the theory of operant conditioning, certain behaviour exists in the society if the consequences of such behaviour are known. Some people have the potential of being thieves, but when they consider the consequences that they will have when they steal, they opt to change their behaviour. On the other hand, the theory goes in line with Sigmund Freud theory X of motivation, where they observe that human beings are lazy generally but they work in recognition o f the benefits of hard work. Hard work as a human behaviour is developed from the benefits that human beings expect from the virtue but nobody was born a hard worker (Garcà ­a, Elaine,   Richard, 2004). The sense of humour is thought to be a learnt behaviour that is influenced and shaped by the culture and environment that human beings are exposed. This explains why humour in certain area is not as humorous in another area. The theory is supported by differences that exist in identical twins, it argues that if the socialisation process has no effect on human behaviour, then identical twins should be exactly the same whether raised under the same conditions or not.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another observation is seen in discipline forces, why the police and armed forces are likely to think, behave and respond to similar situations in the same way is explained by their behaviour modification that takes place when they are under training. They usually are from diverse background but when on training their behaviour is moulded to behave in a similar manner. The behaviour of human being is moulded by the environment that he or she is living in, for example, before school going age, a child have some behaviour that has been instilled by early care givers may it be parents or baby sitters. When time comes to go to school, the child is exposed to a different environment that he or she needs to adjust his or her behaviour if he has to cope in the environment. Teachers’ advice children on how they should relate with each other. In the efforts of reinforcing good behaviour, teachers give rewards and punish children. In this case, the rewarded child learns the benefit of good behaviour or a certain virtue while other admires and moulds their behaviour in anticipation of rewards in the future (Cartwright, 2001). Conclusion Human behaviour is an element of biological and socialisation factors. People are born with some character traits that are dominant and run down a family. As one matures, the environment a person is socialized in moulds his or her characters, attitude, personality, and behaviour. Both supporters of nature theory and empiricism theory agree that nature and nurture shapes human behaviour, the contentious issue is which of the two is most dominant. References Cartwright, J. (2001).Evolutionary explanations of human behaviour. New York: Routledge. Garcà ­a, C.,  Elaine L.,   Richard, M. (2004). Nature and nurture: the complex interplay of genetic and environmental influences on human behavior and development. New York: Routledge. Shaffer, D.,    Kipp, K. (2009).Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescence .New Jersey: Cen gage Learning. Vadackumchery, J., Kattakayam, J. (2000). Human behaviour and law enforcement. New Delhi: APH Publishing. Wendy, M. (1999). The nature-nurture debate: the essential readings. Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell. This essay on Nature v/s Nurture in Human behaviour development was written and submitted by user Victor Mancha to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Multilingualism

Multilingualism Introduction Multilingualism is defined as the ability of a person to speak in more than one language. To many people it is easier to learn a first language than a second language. This is because learning the second language involves learning new things or aspects about the language. Some of the reasons for it being hard could be because old learners may no longer possess the natural ability of acquiring languages like the young children.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Multilingualism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussion There lacks an agreed method of collecting data relating to L1 and L2 learning and this has made most of the data collected unreliable. Mostly, the data related to linguistic is collected informally and this has also contributed to making the data unreliable. Natural capacity and social experience play a big role in language learning. Naturally, human beings have an innate capability to lear n their first language right from birth. This explains why all children start learning their first language at the same age and in the same manner and beyond some age limit, then learning of this language can never be complete. It is, therefore, clear that part of first language learning in children is genetic. The role of social experience in language acquisition is seen through the fact that children learn to communicate using language that is used by the people around them. Proper social experience and interaction is thus an important factor in language learning. First and Second Language Learning can be compared using three distinct phases. The first phase involves fundamental knowledge concerning language structures and policies in the mind of the learner during first or second language acquisition. The second phase entails all stages of language acquisition and development including maturational changes that occur during child grammatical development. The third and last phase is a product of first and second language learning. During first or second language learning, language input is an essential factor. However, though first language learning in children takes place in the absence of facilitating conditions such as instructions, feedback, and aptitude. Second language learning requires these facilitating conditions for it to be successful.Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The question on the possibility of children to attain the last state of first language development with ease and absolute success given the complicated nature of the language and their undeveloped cognitive ability at the learning age poses a logical problem in language acquisition. This problem according to linguists is associated with syntactic phenomena. Various theoretical frameworks offer the bases for different approaches in learning of Second Language Acquisition (SLA ). These include linguistic, psychological, and social frameworks. The Linguistic frameworks focus on the internal and external aspects of language. The internal sets focus on the goals of the study and looks at understanding linguistic proficiency instead of describing it as it was done in earlier structuralism. The focus done on the external aspect in SLA stresses on language use, and this includes the functions of the language that are learnt in different stages. The Psychological frameworks focus on the languages and the brain. They also focus on the learning processes or the differences on an individual. The final framework is the social framework that focuses on the micro and macro factors that affect the learning process. Conclusion Some people are more successful in learning a second language than other people. This could be due to differences in emotional involvement, gender, and age. The above three frameworks complement one another, and there is a need to gain an understa nding of the full spectrum of each framework.

Archimedes’ Autobiobraphy

This paper will document the autobiography of Archimedes of Syracuse, who has been considered a pioneer through inventing mathematical formulas. â€Å"Archimedes of Syracuse† Archimedes was born to Phidias, a mathematician and an astronomer in 287 BC in Syracuse, a city in Sicily (Zannos, 2005). There is no clear information about his early life and his family, but some people claim that his nobility was of Syracuse and that he was related to the King of Syracuse, Hiero II. During this period, Syracuse was considered a centre of commercial activities and as a young person growing in this busy city Archimedes developed an interest in solving complex mathematical problems facing the people of Sicily (Anderson, 2009). After acquiring much information from the local schools he attended in Syracuse, he travelled to Egypt for further learning in Alexandria University. Upon completion of his education, Archimedes travelled back to Syracuse where he lived a life of innovative thinking and solving problems through critical thinking as well as application of mathematical formulas (Geymonat, 2010). King Hiero II was impressed by Archimedes’ inventions which o ffered solutions to various challenges (Neal, 2011). One of Archimedes’s inventions that impressed King Hiero II was Archimedes’ screw that enabled the King to empty water from a hull of his ship. Archimedes was also asked by the king to find out how he could determine the amount of gold on his crown without destroying it. Archimedes addressed this by immersing it in water and determining the volume of the water it displaced, then determining the weight of the crown, thus its density (Dijksterhuis, 2009). This information enabled him to determine the purity of the crown. Apart from his innovations, Archimedes participated in the defense of Sicily from the Romans. Sicily was considered a centre of political and geological activities, as an Island located between Carthage and Rome, Sicily was faced by the challenge of ally issues. That is, the King did not know whether to form an ally with either Rome or Carthage: This is because, forming an ally with i.e. Rome, could have led to enmity between Sicily and Carthage (Gow, 2005). Archimedes was given the responsibility of constructing walls to protect the city from Carthaginian or Roman attacks. He also developed war machines that could be used during attacks. In geometry, Archimedes contributed significantly towards the development of the basic principles of pivot as well as pulley system. He also contributed significantly towards the understanding of the principle of buoyancy, defined as the power of liquid to exert an upward force on an object placed in it (Paipetis, 2010). Archimedes died when Rome at tacked Syracuse, he was attacked by an enraged soldier, who had demanded that he accompany him to King Marcellus’ tent (Jaeger, 2008). In conclusion, Archimedes had a significant contribution to in mathematics and physics. His ideas regarding the calculation of density of objects immersed in water as well as the idea of buoyancy are currently used in various learning systems and in practical circumstances. Archimedes can also be considered a patriot owing to the fact that he defended his nation fearlessly from the cruel Roman Soldiers, an act that led to his death at 75 years (Archimedes, Netz Eutocius, 2004). Bibliography Archimedes., Netz, R. and Eutocius, (2004). The works of Archimedes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dijksterhuis, E. (2009). Archimedes. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Netz, R. and Noel, W. (2007). The Archimedes Codex. Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. Zannos, S. (2005). The life and times of Archimedes. Hockessin, Del.: Mitchell Lane.Geymonat, M. (2010). The Great Archimedes. Waco, Tex.: Baylor University Press. Anderson, M. (2009). Archimedes of Syracuse: The chest of ideas : A historical novel. Faifield, Iowa: 1st World Publishing. Gow, M. (2005). Archimedes: Mathematical Genius of the Ancient World. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow. Paipetis, S. (2010). Archimedes’ Contribution in Physics and Mathematics. Dordrecht: Springer. Neal, C. (2011). Archimedes. New York: McGrawHill. Jaeger, M. (2008). Archimedes and the Roman imagination. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Archimedes’ Autobiobraphy This paper will document the autobiography of Archimedes of Syracuse, who has been considered a pioneer through inventing mathematical formulas. â€Å"Archimedes of Syracuse† Archimedes was born to Phidias, a mathematician and an astronomer in 287 BC in Syracuse, a city in Sicily (Zannos, 2005). There is no clear information about his early life and his family, but some people claim that his nobility was of Syracuse and that he was related to the King of Syracuse, Hiero II. During this period, Syracuse was considered a centre of commercial activities and as a young person growing in this busy city Archimedes developed an interest in solving complex mathematical problems facing the people of Sicily (Anderson, 2009). After acquiring much information from the local schools he attended in Syracuse, he travelled to Egypt for further learning in Alexandria University. Upon completion of his education, Archimedes travelled back to Syracuse where he lived a life of innovative thinking and solving problems through critical thinking as well as application of mathematical formulas (Geymonat, 2010). King Hiero II was impressed by Archimedes’ inventions which o ffered solutions to various challenges (Neal, 2011). One of Archimedes’s inventions that impressed King Hiero II was Archimedes’ screw that enabled the King to empty water from a hull of his ship. Archimedes was also asked by the king to find out how he could determine the amount of gold on his crown without destroying it. Archimedes addressed this by immersing it in water and determining the volume of the water it displaced, then determining the weight of the crown, thus its density (Dijksterhuis, 2009). This information enabled him to determine the purity of the crown. Apart from his innovations, Archimedes participated in the defense of Sicily from the Romans. Sicily was considered a centre of political and geological activities, as an Island located between Carthage and Rome, Sicily was faced by the challenge of ally issues. That is, the King did not know whether to form an ally with either Rome or Carthage: This is because, forming an ally with i.e. Rome, could have led to enmity between Sicily and Carthage (Gow, 2005). Archimedes was given the responsibility of constructing walls to protect the city from Carthaginian or Roman attacks. He also developed war machines that could be used during attacks. In geometry, Archimedes contributed significantly towards the development of the basic principles of pivot as well as pulley system. He also contributed significantly towards the understanding of the principle of buoyancy, defined as the power of liquid to exert an upward force on an object placed in it (Paipetis, 2010). Archimedes died when Rome at tacked Syracuse, he was attacked by an enraged soldier, who had demanded that he accompany him to King Marcellus’ tent (Jaeger, 2008). In conclusion, Archimedes had a significant contribution to in mathematics and physics. His ideas regarding the calculation of density of objects immersed in water as well as the idea of buoyancy are currently used in various learning systems and in practical circumstances. Archimedes can also be considered a patriot owing to the fact that he defended his nation fearlessly from the cruel Roman Soldiers, an act that led to his death at 75 years (Archimedes, Netz Eutocius, 2004). Bibliography Archimedes., Netz, R. and Eutocius, (2004). The works of Archimedes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dijksterhuis, E. (2009). Archimedes. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Netz, R. and Noel, W. (2007). The Archimedes Codex. Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. Zannos, S. (2005). The life and times of Archimedes. Hockessin, Del.: Mitchell Lane.Geymonat, M. (2010). The Great Archimedes. Waco, Tex.: Baylor University Press. Anderson, M. (2009). Archimedes of Syracuse: The chest of ideas : A historical novel. Faifield, Iowa: 1st World Publishing. Gow, M. (2005). Archimedes: Mathematical Genius of the Ancient World. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow. Paipetis, S. (2010). Archimedes’ Contribution in Physics and Mathematics. Dordrecht: Springer. Neal, C. (2011). Archimedes. New York: McGrawHill. Jaeger, M. (2008). Archimedes and the Roman imagination. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Article Summary Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Article Summary Paper - Essay Example The study aimed at investigating effects of investors’ perceptions over stock and the stock’s returns in the international scope. One of the study’s hypothesis predicted relationship between the sentiments and stock returns in the international market while the other two hypotheses predicted effects of environmental factors to the relationship between investors’ attitude towards stock and returns. The following economic question can therefore be inferred for the study (Schemeling 394, 395). The author expected an inverse relationship between invertors’ sentiments and stock returns and their conceptual framework and reviewed literature informs this. The author noted deviation from the standard finance theory that argues for the role of arbitrageurs in eliminating irrationality in the stock market. Literature suggested that investors’ opinions are persistent and that arbitrage is not effective in managing irrationality. These suggested effects of investor sentiments on stock returns and reported inverse relationship from the United States’ stock market, being inferred to the international market, informed the expectation (Schemeling 394, 395). Stock returns and investor sentiments were the study’s main theoretical variables and consumers’ confidence was used as the empirical proxy for investor sentiments. Background information on availability of the proxy, both on cross sectional and time series scope, and its consistency informed use of the proxy. Unlike consumer confidence, other possible indicators of investor sentiment are not consistent. â€Å"Agreegate stock market,† â€Å"portfolio of value stock† and â€Å"portfolio of growth stock† were however proxies for stock returns (Schemeling 397). Professor Kenneth French’s website was the data source for stock return proxies while Directorate Generale for Economic and Financial Affaire, Datastream and Ecowin were the data sources for consumer confidence (Schemeling 397). Where rt+1 defines

Conducting a Literature Review Data Collection Essay

Conducting a Literature Review Data Collection - Essay Example For instance, the mothers’ smoking habit also increases the probability of ‘physician-diagnosed asthma and wheezing’ after first few years of birth. For instance, the unborn children in uterus were found vulnerable to asthma and adverse respiratory effects primarily because of maternal smoking. 1.2 – Maternal Smoking and Low Birth Weight Veiga & Wilder (2006) conducted an extensive research on maternal smoking habit during pregnancy among African – American and Caucasians in American society. The authors actually based their research on previous findings of 180 – 200 gm weight deficit among new born children whose mothers smoke during pregnancy. Their new research results augmented the weight losses as the researcher revealed that maternal smoking is noxious for health of unborn children and that the smoking causes weight loss of 200 – 230 gm. For instance, the probability of low birth delivery (LBD) among smoking mothers during pregnan cy is twice than that of non-smoking women. In addition, the demographic factors such as race, marital status, age, education and income level also impact the results since greater percentage of LBDs had been recorded among Caucasians in comparison to Afro – American women.

Each Man Kills the Thing He Loves Essay Example for Free

Each Man Kills the Thing He Loves Essay â€Å"It seems to me that we all look at Nature too much, and live with her too little† This quote provides a philosophical insight into the main theme I will explore within my chosen poems. Nature is defined as the phenomena of the physical world collectively, including plants, animals, the landscape, and other features and products of the earth, as opposed to humans or human creations. However this simply states that nature and humans are opposites, and one opposes the other. The poems I have chosen question this definition of nature and put it to humankind to answer the question, are we one with nature, or merely manipulating it to our own advantage, giving little back to our heritage? Oscar Wilde’s ‘The Ballad of Reading Gaol’ explores our own humanity and how easily two conflicting emotions become each other; whilst Charlotte Mew’s ‘The Trees Are Down’ examines human ignorance and through use of language she unravels the ever changing connections with nature. However it is Lawrence’s ‘The Snake’ that uses strong imagery to portray humankind in all its shapes and forms, forever changing. These three poems utilize a series of techniques that bring forth a common phrase we are what we hate, kill and love, which ultimately contributes to a universal relevance, the main idea I will be focusing on, ‘each man kills the thing he loves’. Oscar Wilde is considered a gifted author, playwright and poet of the nineteenth century. He was intimately involved in the up rise of aestheticism, a philosophy of nature and expression of beauty; Wilde expanded the narrow-mindedness of the Victorian Era, ultimately bringing a new light to society. ‘The Picture of Dorian Gray’, a semi autobiography, is considered the most seminal and serious of all Wilde’s works. However it is after being accused of homosexual offences, by his lover’s father, and further incarcerated at Reading Gaol that Wilde’s writing took a more melancholic approach. After serving his two years of hard labour, Wilde then moved to France, and was in ‘penniless exile’ It was in his last remaining years that Wilde produced two extremely heart felt pieces of work; De Profundis, a Latin term for ‘from the depths’, was an epistle addressed to his lover, Lord Alfred Douglas, and recounted his lifestyle of extravagance and love, within the first half. In the second part the text looks into his recent experiences, during his time at Reading Gaol, as he comes to terms with his spirituality. The other, ‘The Ballad of Reading Gaol’, a six ‘cantos’ poem, further subdivided into six lined stanzas, describes his experiences of loneliness and death, whilst incarcerated at Reading Gaol. The initial scene of the ballad, ‘He walked amongst the Trial Men, In a suit of shabby grey’, was inspired by the hanging of Charles Thomas Wooldridge, on Saturday 7th July 1896, a thirty year-old man convicted of cutting the throat of his wife. Charlotte Mew was an understated poet, whose works were less recognised, in comparison to Wilde, however she was highly praised by the likes of Siegfried Sassoon and Virginia Woolf. Mew lived a traumatic life, from beginning to end; facing close family deaths and two of her siblings being diagnosed with mental illness. These early experiences affected her future and had major influences on her; beginning with her and her sister Anne making a pact never to marry, in fear of passing on her family’s madness. Additionally Mew had similar sexual orientations as Wilde, attracted to ones own sex, however due to the condemnation of homosexuality, in the nineteenth century, Mew was left with a strong sense of suppression. Her life was extremely stifled by such experiences of death, loneliness and disillusionment and hence reflects these themes within her work. ‘The Trees are Down’ is a six stanza poem, that follows no structured form, merely ranging from one to nine lines, each stanza. The poem is based around the Revelation reference, at the beginning of poem: ‘-and he cries with a loud voice: hurt not the earth, neither the sea, nor the trees† and relates this to our society, past, present and future. David Herbert Lawrence, D. H.  Lawrence, was an extremely successful writer and artist. Publishing many plays, novels and volumes of poetry. He lived a very modest life, born in the small mining township of Eastwood, England, in 1885. Lawrence was an outcast, with few friends at school, who didn’t follow in his father’s footsteps of becoming a miner. So Lawrence went on to study, gaining a scholarship at Nottingham High School and then becoming an elementary teacher. However it was after falling in love with his old professor, Earnest Weekely’s, wife, Frieda von Richthofen, that his life was altered. Breaking off his engagement and ending his teaching career, Lawrence developed his writing into a career. ‘Sons and Lovers’ is a semi-autobiographical account of Lawrence’s experiences as a boy, under the name of Paul Morel, who loved his mother and full of hatred for his father. Lawrence wrote this novel after the death of his mother, in 1910, and explores the love of a mother As her sons grow up she selects them as loversfirst the eldest, then the second. These sons are urged into life by their reciprocal love of their motherurged on and on. † All three poets lived extremely different lifestyles, however the common thread between them is the literary period they lived in, the nineteenth century. Wilde’s work, pre-incarceration, was considered extremely lush and light, however post-incarceration it grew sad and he adapted Dark Romanticism into his works. Mew explored Naturalism where the environment controls people, especially in ‘The Trees are Down’, which is similar to the works of Lawrence who combines naturalism with Pre-Raphaelitism, combining literacy with the visual arts, which is seen through his strong imagery. Comparing these three literary movements helps shape each poem, providing a purpose behind the theme of each text. The intent of these poems differ slightly from one another, however all three have embedded the allegory of killing our intimates within their texts. Wilde takes his own personal experiences of loss, and additionally the example of Wooldridge’s own act, to reveal how within love echoes hate and vice versa. Mew, who’s poem seems completely ahead of her time, exposes the ignorance of the human race. This exposure of human’s prejudice towards nature is again echoed within Lawrence’s poem through the line ‘my education said†¦ he must be killed’. The common purpose within these texts is the exposure of human’s ignorance and how inevitable it is. Lord Alfred Douglas’s father took Wilde to court for alleged homosexuality and this life altering moment in Wilde’s life is easily identified within the poem ‘The Ballad of Reading Gaol’. However Wilde carefully entwines Wooldridge’s own attempt of ‘killing the thing he loved’ within his own story to expose the wider occurrence of this tragedy. It is questioned whether or not Wilde came up with this statement or whether it is a nod to Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice when Bassanio asks ‘Do all men kill the things they do not love? ’ Wilde is well known for his stimulating epigrams, yet this phrase seems to generate a metaphor for life and although not a question, like in Merchant of Venice, Wilde questions the similarities of love and hatred. When searching the word ‘love’ up on Thesaurus. com it provides a list of antonyms, including ‘hatred’, and vice-versa and yet here we see Wilde placing the two, opposing verbs, hand in hand. Wilde’s underlying purpose within ‘The Ballad of Reading Gaol’ is not to recount his experiences at Reading, but what Wilde is really looking for is the mode of interaction in which love and hatred are one and indivisible, in which the bitterness is an expression of the admiration. Written in the nineteenth century Mew’s poem, ‘The Trees are Down’, was completely ahead of its time and in today’s society is seen as an empowering demonstration of humanity’s destructive ignorance. Using the line from the revelation Mew makes deep connections with the past and by examining her present looks into the future of what is to come, what is now extremely relevant. The purpose of this is to reveal society’s destructive nature and speak out against the destruction of our heritage as ‘half my life it has beat with’. Lawrence examines prejudices of the human race towards animals, within the poem, ‘The Snake’, and how we accept the words fed to us in an alleged ‘education’. However the irony of it all is that we are one with the Snake and this is what Lawrence was trying to achieve. Describing the snake drinking from trough as if ‘he’ is a person, the same as the narrator, then ‘he’ looks up ‘just like cattle do’. Lawrence’s connections across the animal kingdom; man, snake and cattle alike, break down the barriers of humans vs. animals, generating a scene of equality. However it is once the narrator’s ‘voice of†¦ education’ convinces him otherwise, his face becomes humanity; fearful and paranoid. Each text focuses on humanity and from here branches off the love-hate, ignorance and prejudices of the human race. Wilde highlights the correlations between love and hatred we express towards one another, Mew exemplifies humanity losing touch with their heritage, whilst Lawrence’s reveals the irony within humankind’s prejudices. In all three cases the writer is attempting to exemplify how two effects, wildly different, grow closer together, reciprocating off one another, or how two objects, scientifically/emotionally tied together can push one another away.

Running Training Essay -- Compare Contrast Papers

Running Training For the past several years runners all over the world have been trying to figure out and arguing over the simple question: â€Å"Is high mileage training better than low mileage, during training season?† Kenyan’s in Africa have been running unbelievable amounts of mileage for years, and tend to always be in the top field in any race over five thousand meters. While Africans have been leading the fields for years, where do the best US runners end up? Not in the lead pack! Perhaps they are training too hard to be like their Kenyan counterparts. I think a lot of runners believe that if they train like the runners from Kenya that they will have the same results. When in truth they end up running themselves into the ground. Perhaps that is why there are others that think that if they train light and more to their athletic ability level that they will have better results. Many runners think that less mileage is better for a runner during training season, as does George Sheehan who wrote the essay titled â€Å"Training: More or Less.† In his essay he claims that he believes the optimal distance for athletes is twenty to twenty-five miles per week, including speed work, and races. While his theory on training might be correct for his level of training, it may not be sufficient for other runners who are serious about training with all they have. Many believe that in order to get better they must put in the miles on the road, which will get their legs used to the stress put on their muscles and feet during the course of a race. As a distance runner for the Buena Vista University Cross Country and Track team, in Storm Lake, Iowa, my experience with low mileage training and high mileage training came out wit... ... further distances. Runners are entitled to their own opinion, because everybody’s bodies are different and are more fit for running different levels of mileage. While those runners are training with low mileage, others who are against running low mileage because they believe that getting the body used to running further distances will improve their running. The above research gave plenty of examples of how there is a rebuttal going on where some runners believe that less training means more output, as well as how some believe that more training means more output. Examples are given throughout the paper to support both ideas. Works Cited Hage, Jim. When Less Really is Less. 15 Apr. 2002 . Sheehan, George. Training: More or Less. 1991. 15 Apr. 2002 .

Gcse History Revision Notes – Germany

History Revision Notes – Germany Weimar – strengths and weaknesses The Weimar Republic After Germany lost the First World War, the Kaiser fled and a new democratic government of Germany was declared in February 1919 at the small town of Weimar. It was too dangerous to make a declaration in Berlin where there had just been a revolt by a Communist group called the Spartacists. STRENGTHS †¢ A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech and religion, and equality under the law. †¢ All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote. †¢ There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag (parliament). The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which had to do what the Reichstag wanted. WEAKNESSES †¢ Proportional representation – instead of voting for an MP, like we do in Britain,Weimar Germans voted for a party. Each party was then allocated seats in the Reichstag exactly reflecting (proportional' to) th e number of people who had voted for it. This sounds fair, but in practice it was a disaster it resulted in dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority, and, therefore, no government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag. This was a major weakness of the Republic. Article 48 – this said that, in an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the Reichstag, but could issue decrees [Decrees: Laws passed by one minister in a parliament, which have not been approved by the majority parliament. ]. The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and in the end, it turned out to be a way that Hitler used to take power legally. Weimar – problems 1919-1923 The Weimar Republic faced opposition from the outset in 1919, after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. Economic hardship affected the whole nation and led to uprisings and assassinations.Key problems The Weimar Republic was created at a time of confusion and ch aos after Germany had lost the First World War. Many people felt that Germany had received a very harsh deal in the Treaty of Versailles and they resented the government for signing it and agreeing to its conditions. The Weimar Republic faced violent uprisings from various groups, not to mention economic problems. Germany between 1918 and 1919 was in chaos. People were starving, the Kaiser had fled and people hated the government for signing the armistice to end the war in November 1918 – they called them the November criminals.Bands of soldiers called Freikorps refused to disband and formed private armies. It was not a good start for the Republic. There was continuous violence and unrest: †¢ In March 1920, there was a rebellion – the Kapp Putsch – that aimed to bring back the Kaiser . †¢ Nationalist terror groups assassinated 356 government politicians. †¢ Many of the people in Germany were communists who wanted to bring in a Russian-style commun ist government. There were a number of communist uprisings. For instance, in 1919 the Spartacists rebelled in Berlin. [pic] The Kapp Putsch march in March 1920, the right-wing nationalist Dr Wolfgang Kapp took over Berlin. The army refused to attack him; he was only defeated when the workers of Berlin went on strike. The Weimar government's main crisis occurred in 1923, when the Germans failed to make a reparations payment ( payments made for damage caused in WW1. Part of T of V) on time, which set off a train of events that included: †¢ a French invasion of the Ruhr †¢ a general strike †¢ hyperinflation †¢ a number of communist rebellions †¢ an attempted Nazi putsch in Munich Weimar – crisis of 1923The 1923 crisis began when Germany missed a reparations payment. This situation spiralled out of control and once again the German people were unhappy and in financial difficulty, so uprisings occurred throughout the country. Hyperinflation The sudden floo d of paper money into the economy, on top of the general strike – which meant that no goods were manufactured, so there was more money, chasing fewer goods – combined with a weak economy ruined by the war, all resulted in hyperinflation. Prices ran out of control – eg a loaf of bread, which cost 250 marks in January 1923 had risen to 200,000 million marks in November 1923.German's currency became worthless. But remember: †¢ Some people made fortunes during the crisis. One man borrowed money to buy a herd of cattle, but soon after paid back his loan by selling one cow. †¢ People on wages were safe, because they renegotiated their wages every day. †¢ Pensioners on fixed incomes and people with savings were the most badly hit. One woman sold her house with the intention of using the money to live on. A few weeks later, the money wasn't even enough to buy a loaf of bread. The Early Nazi Party The Nazi ideology: †¢ Lebensraum – the need for ‘living space' for the German nation to expand. A strong Germany – the Treaty of Versailles should be abolished and all German-speaking people united in one country. †¢ Fuhrer – the idea that there should be a single leader with complete power rather than a democracy. †¢ Social Darwinism – the idea that the Aryan race was superior and Jews were ‘subhuman'. †¢ Autarky – the idea that Germany should be economically self-sufficient. †¢ Germany was in danger – from Communists and Jews, who had to be destroyed. The appeal of the Nazis In the 1920s, the Nazis tried to be all things to all people.The 25-Point Programme had policies that were: †¢ Socialist – eg farmers should be given their land; pensions should improve; and public industries such as electricity and water should be owned by the state. †¢ Nationalist – all German-speaking people should be united in one country; the Treaty of Versaille s should be abolished; and there should be special laws for foreigners. †¢ Racist – Jews should not be German citizens and immigration should be stopped. †¢ Fascist – a strong central government and control of the newspapers. The Nazis did not appeal to: †¢ working men who voted Communist intellectuals such as students and university professors They were popular with: †¢ nationalists and racists †¢ farmers †¢ lower middle-class people such as plumbers and shopkeepers who were worried about the chaos Germany was in †¢ rich people worried by the threat from Communism Rebellions Unsurprisingly, the hardships created by hyperinflation led to many uprisings as groups struggled to take power from Weimar. The Munich Putsch 1923 In November 1923, Hitler tried to take advantage of the crisis facing the Weimar government by instigating a revolution in Munich.It seemed like the perfect opportunity, but poor planning and misjudgement resulted in failure and the subsequent imprisonment of Adolf Hitler. Summary At first, the Nazis were just a terrorist group. Hitler assembled a large group of unemployed young men and former soldiers, known as the storm troopers (the SA), which attacked other political groups. Hitler hoped to take power by starting a revolution During the crisis of 1923, therefore, Hitler plotted with two nationalist politicians – Kahr and Lossow – to take over Munich in a revolution.Hitler collected his storm troopers and told them to be ready to rebel. But then, on 4 October 1923, Kahr and Lossow called off the rebellion. This was an impossible situation for Hitler, who had 3,000 troops ready to fight. [pic] Hitler waved a gun at Khar and Lossow On the night of 8 November 1923, Hitler and 600 storm troopers burst into a meeting that Kahr and Lossow were holding at the local Beer Hall. Waving a gun at them, Hitler forced them to agree to rebel – and then let them go home. The SA took over the army headquarters and the offices of the local newspaper. 16 Nazis were killed in the scuffleThe next day, 9 November 1923, Hitler and his Nazis went into Munich on what they thought would be a triumphal march to take power. However, Kahr had called in police and army reinforcements. There was a short scuffle in which the police killed 16 Nazis. Hitler fled, but was arrested two days later. Why did Hitler attempt the Munich Putsch in 1923? 1. By 1923, the Nazi party had 55,000 members and was stronger than ever before. 2. The Weimar Republic was in crisis and about to collapse. 3. In September 1923, the Weimar government had called off the general strike, and every German nationalist was furious with the government. . Hitler thought he would be helped by important nationalist politicians in Bavaria. 5. Hitler had a huge army of storm troopers, but he knew he would lose control of them if he did not give them something to do. 6. Hitler hoped to copy Mussolini – the Italia n fascist leader – who had come to power in Italy in 1922 by marching on Rome. Results of the Munich Putsch The Munich Putsch was a failure. As a result: 1. The Nazi party was banned, and Hitler was prevented from speaking in public until 1927. 2. Hitler went to prison, where he wrote ‘Mein Kampf'.Millions of Germans read it, and Hitler's ideas became very well-known. 3. Hitler decided that he would never come to power by revolution; he realised that he would have to use constitutional means, so he organised: o the Hitler Youth o propaganda campaigns o mergers with other right-wing parties o local branches of the party, which tried to get Nazis elected to the Reichstag o the SS as his personal bodyguard, which was set up in 1925 It was this strategy of gaining power legitimately that eventually brought him to power. How did the Weimar Republic survive?In 1923 the Weimar Republic was teetering at the brink of a very large cliff with problems such as hyperinflation, attem pted revolutions and public discontent, pushing it increasingly towards the edge. How could the Republic possibly survive? Gustav Stresemann and Charles Dawes In 1923, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse, but, surprisingly, the crisis was the start of a period of stability and success. The period 1923-1929 was a time when the economy boomed and cultural life flourished in Germany. This dramatic turnabout happened because Germany was saved by two people – Gustav Stresemann and Charles Dawes.Gustav Stresemann had been a nationalist, but he realised that something needed to be done to save Germany. Under Stresemann's guidance, the government called off the strike, persuaded the French to leave the Ruhr and even got the rest of the world to allow Germany to join the League of Nations in 1926. Stresemann also introduced reforms to help ordinary people such as job centres, unemployment pay and better housing. Charles Dawes was the US budget director. In 1923, he was se nt to Europe to sort out Germany's economy. Under his advice, the German Reichsbank was reformed and the old money was called in and burned.This ended the hyperinflation. Dawes also arranged the Dawes Plan with Stresemann, which gave Germany longer to pay reparations. Most importantly, Dawes agreed to America lending Germany 800 million gold marks, which kick-started the German economy. Was Weimar stable during 1923-1929? Despite all the successes, many historians believe that the stability of the Weimar republic was illusory: 1. The nationalists and fascists did not win many seats in the Reichstag, but they were allowed to exist and campaign, so they were just waiting for the right opportunity to attempt a takeover again. . Everything depended on American money – if that stopped, Germany was ready to return to crisis. 3. No political party had a majority. Coalition gov’t struggled to agree and get laws passed. 4. Dawes Plan and new currency meant eco was stable Hitler 's rise to power Hitler's rise to power cannot be attributed to one event, but a mixture of factors including events happening outside Germany, the strengths of the Nazi party, and the weaknesses of other parties within Germany. Hitler used these factors to his advantage and in 1933 he legitimately gained power to become chancellor.In 1929, the American Stock Exchange collapsed, and caused an economic depression. America called in all its foreign loans, which destroyed Weimar Germany due to the Dawes Plan. Unemployment in Germany rose to 6 million. The government did not know what to do. In July 1930 Chancellor Bruning cut government expenditure, wages and unemployment pay – the worst thing to do during a depression. He could not get the Reichstag to agree to his actions, so President Hindenburg used Article 48 to pass the measures by decree. The Nazis gain support Anger and bitterness helped the Nazis to gain more support.Many workers turned to communism, but this frightened wealthy businessmen, so they financed Hitler's campaigns. Many middle-class people, alarmed by the obvious failure of democracy, decided that the country needed a strong government. Nationalists and racists blamed the Treaty of Versailles and reparations. [pic] In 1928, the Nazis had only 12 seats in the Reichstag; by July 1932 they had 230 seats and were the largest party. The government was in chaos. President Hindenburg dismissed Bruning in 1932. His replacement – Papen – lasted six months, and the next chancellor – Schleicher – only lasted two months.Hindenburg had to use Article 48 to pass almost every law. In January 1933, Hindenburg and Papen came up with a plan to get the Nazis on their side by offering to make Hitler vice chancellor. He refused and demanded to be made chancellor. They agreed, thinking they could control him. In January 1933, Hitler became chancellor, and immediately set about making himself absolute ruler of Germany using Articl e 48. Reasons why Hitler rose to power 1. Hitler was a great speaker, with the power to make people support him. 2. The moderate political parties would not work together, although together they had more support than the Nazis. . The depression of 1929 created poverty and unemployment, which made people angry with the Weimar government. People lost confidence in the democratic system and turned towards the extremist political parties such as the Communists and Nazis during the depression. 4. The Nazi storm troopers attacked Hitler's opponents. 5. Goebbels' propaganda campaign was very effective and it won support for the Nazis. The Nazis targeted specific groups of society with different slogans and policies to win their support. 6. Hitler was given power in a political deal by Hindenburg and Papen who foolishly thought they could control him. . German people were still angry about the Treaty of Versailles and supported Hitler because he promised to overturn it. 8. Industrialists ga ve Hitler money and support. How Hitler consolidated power 1933-1934 Dates and events 1933-1934 |Date |Event | |27 Feb 1933 |Reichstag Fire Hitler used the fire to his advantage in two ways: | |[pic] |It gave him an opportunity to imprison many communist leaders, which stopped them campaigning during the election. | |It allowed the Nazis to say that the country was in danger from the communists during its election campaign. | | |Both these actions helped the Nazis to win more seats in the election. | | |When the courts convicted Dutch Communist van der Lubbe, but did not convict otherCommunist leaders, Hitler was furious and | | |replaced the courts with the Nazi People's Courts. | |5 Mar 1933 |General Election – only 44 per cent of the population vote for the Nazis, who win 288 seats in the Reichstag. |[pic] |Although it did not give the Nazis the majority that Hitler had hoped for in the Reichstag, it gave them enough seats – after | | |Hitler had arrested all the co mmunist deputies and the other parties had been intimidated by the SA – to get the Enabling Act | | |passed, which is all Hitler needed to do. | |23 Mar 1933 |Enabling Act – the SA intimidates all the remaining non-Nazi deputies. The Reichstag votes to give Hitler the right to make his | |[pic] |own laws. | |Arguably the critical event – it gave Hitler absolute power to make his laws. | |26 April 1933 |Local government is reorganised – the country is carved up into 42 Gaus, which are run by a Gauleiter. These Gaus are separated | |[pic] |into areas, localities and blocks of flats run by a Blockleiter. Hitler sets up the Gestapo. | | |This put the Nazis in control of local government, and allowed the Gestapo to rule by terror. | |2 May 1933 |Trade unions are abolished and their leaders arrested. |[pic] |Abolishing the trade unions allowed Hitler to destroy a group that might have opposed him. It also gave Hitler the opportunity | | |to set up the German La bour Front, which gave him control over German workers. | |20 June 1933 |Concordat – Hitler makes an agreement with the Pope who sees him as someone who can destroy communism. This agreement allows | |[pic] |Hitler to take over political power in Germany as long as he leaves the Catholic Church alone.Hitler's agreement with the Pope | | |was a temporary truce that allowed Hitler to ban the Catholic Zentrum party without opposition from the Catholic Church. | |14 July 1933 |Political parties are banned – only the Nazi party is allowed to exist. | |[pic] |Banning political parties made Germany a one-party state and destroyed democracy in the country. | | |After this action, Germans could no longer get rid of Hitler in an election. |24 April 1934 |People's Courts – Hitler sets up the Nazi people's courts where judges have to swear an oath of loyalty to the Nazis. | |[pic] |These were set up to give Hitler greater control over the judgements made in courts. Hitler w as furious because the courts did | | |not sentence the communists to death for starting the Reichstag fire. | |30 June 1934 |Night of the Long Knives – some SA leaders are demanding that the Nazi party carry out its socialist agenda, and that the SA | |[pic] |take over the army.Hitler cannot afford to annoy the businessmen or the army, so the SS [SS: Also known as the Blackshirts. A | | |German police/ military style organisation created to serve as the personal bodyguards of Adolf Hitler. In Hitler's Germany they| | |eventually controlled the intelligence, security and police forces, and extermination of those they considered undesirable. ] | | |murders perhaps 400 of the SA members, including its leader Rohm, along with a number of Hitler's other opponents. | |This destroyed all opposition within the Nazi Party. It gave power to the brutal SS. It also showed the rest of the world what a| | |tyrant Hitler was. | |19 Aug 1934 |Fuhrer – when Hindenburg dies, Hitler dec lares himself jointly president, chancellor and head of the army. This formally made | |[pic] |Hitler the absolute ruler of Germany. | Many historians believe that Nazi Germany only appeared to be a dictatorship.In fact, officials were left to make most of the decisions themselves, and the Nazi government was badly-organised, and chaotic. Hitler and the army It is important to note that in 1934, the army was not subject to Hitler's authority. At this point, he still needed the army's support, which is why he destroyed the SA in the Night of the Long Knives. In 1938, army leaders hoped Hitler's plan to conquer the Sudetenland would fail and give them an opportunity to depose [Depose: To remove a ruler or monarch. ] him.When he suceeded, their attempt to get rid of him fell apart, and Hitler dismissed the chief of staff and 60 other generals. Thereafter, the army was also subservient to Hitler. The structures of control in the Nazi state Hitler introduced many policies and measures to ensure the Nazis remained in control, once he declared himself Fuhrer. These measures dealt with political opponents, as well as ordinary people, who suddenly found their private, social and working lives controlled by the Nazis. Seven key structures The Nazi party aimed to control every aspect of people's political, social and working lives.It maintained control through a mixture of propaganda [Propaganda: A type of advertising for an idea or cause, produced by supporters or opponents of that idea or cause. It is usually produced to influence how the people of a nation think. ] and intimidation. 1. Government (political) The way Hitler consolidated power in 1933-1934 meant that the Nazis had absolute control of national and local government. 2. Religion (social) †¢ Hitler believed that religion was a threat to the Nazis' control over people's minds, so he tried different ways to reduce the power of the church over people.Non-Nazi Catholic priests and Protestant pastors such a s Martin Niemoller and Dietrich Bonhoffer were sent to concentration camps. †¢ Jews and Jehovah's Witnesses were openly persecuted. †¢ Hitler set up a state Reich Church, which banned the Bible and the cross. †¢ Nazis encouraged people to revive the old Viking myths and ceremonies. 3. Culture (social) †¢ Hitler ordered Nazification – the imposition of Nazi values – on all aspects of German life. Artists had to produce acceptable paintings that portrayed Nazi values. †¢ Jazz music was banned. †¢ Books written by Jews were publicly burned. Homosexuals were persecuted; they did not fit the Nazi image of the ideal family. †¢ The Olympic Games of 1936 were a huge Nazi propaganda success. 4. Work (working) †¢ Dr Robert Ley, head of the DAF [DAF: German Labour Front ], boasted that he controlled workers' lives from the ‘cradle to the grave'. The RAD (National Labour Service) sent young men on public works. †¢ Hitler introduce d conscription in 1936; most men went into the army after the RAD. †¢ The DAF (German Labour Front) controlled workers' conditions at work. †¢ The KdF (Strength through Joy) movement regulated their leisure time. . Education and youth (working) †¢The lives of young people were controlled both in and out of school to turn them into fanatical Nazis. Non-Nazi teachers and university professors were sacked; teachers had to join the National Socialist Teachers' League. †¢ Textbooks were re-written to include Nazi political and racial ideas. †¢ History was taught to glorify Germany. †¢ There was a concentration on physical fitness. †¢ Girls were taught cookery; boys were taught science and maths. †¢ The Hitler Youth was compulsory; it indoctrinated boys and prepared them for war. The Nazi Girls' youth organisation – the BDM – was compulsory; it indoctrinated girls and prepared them for church, children and cooking. 6. Terror (method of control) †¢ Germany became a country where it was unsafe to do or say anything critical of the government. SS and Gestapo (Secret State Police. ) †¢ Blockleiters in each block of flats and street informed on ‘grumblers'. †¢ Arrests of thousands of people terrified opponents. †¢ Set up Nazi people's courts. †¢ Concentration camps.7. Propaganda (method of control) Josef Goebbels controlled the Propaganda Ministry, which aimed to brainwash people into obeying the Nazis and idolising Hitler. Mass rallies at Nuremberg. †¢ Newspapers were censored. †¢ People's radios were sold very cheaply, but broadcasts were controlled. †¢ Films were controlled to make films that glorified war and pilloried the Jews. †¢ Loudspeakers in public places blared out Nazi propaganda. †¢ Cult of personality – Hitler's picture was everywhere, and he was portrayed as Germany's saviour. Women in the Nazi state Hitler had very clear ideas about the wom an's role in the Nazi state – she was the centre of family life, a housewife and mother. Hitler even introduced a medal for women who had eight or more children!The role of women The Nazis had clear ideas of what they wanted from women. Women were expected to stay at home and look after the family. Women doctors, teachers and civil servants were forced to give up their careers. Even at the end of the war, women were never asked to serve in the armed forces. Their job was to keep the home nice for their husband and family – their life should revolve round the three ‘Ks': †¢ church †¢ children †¢ cooking Goebbels said: â€Å"The mission of women is to be beautiful and to bring children into the world. † Hitler wanted a high birth rate, so the population would grow.The Nazis even considered making it law that families should have at least four children. Girls did keep fit in the BDM [BDM: Bund Deutscher Madel – the German group for girls age 14+ ] to make themselves healthy for childbirth, but they were discouraged from staying slim, because it was thought that thin women had trouble giving birth. The Law for the Encouragement of Marriage gave newly wed couples a loan of 1,000 marks, and allowed them to keep 250 marks for each child they had. Mothers who had more than eight children were given a gold medal.Unmarried women could volunteer to have a baby for an Aryan [Aryan: a person of European decent (not Jewish) often with blond hair and blue eyes – the Nazis viewed as the superior human race ] member of the SS Women were supposed to emulate traditional German peasant fashions – plain peasant costumes, hair in plaits or buns and flat shoes. They were not expected to wear make-up or trousers, dye their hair or smoke in public. Opposition Those who spoke out against Hitler and his policies faced intimidation and threats from the Gestapo or imprisonment and in some cases execution.However, there were so me brave individuals and groups who openly opposed Hitler and his policies. Who opposed Hilter? It was difficult – and dangerous – to oppose Hitler. However, some brave people did try: 1. The Catholic Archbishop of Munster, von Galen, led a successful campaign to end euthanasia of mentally-disabled people. 2. Some Catholic priests opposed Hitler. In 1937, the Pope's message ‘With Burning Concern' attacked Hitler as ‘a mad prophet with repulsive arrogance' and was read in every Catholic church. 3. The White Rose group was formed by students at Munich University.They published anti-Nazi leaflets, but were discovered and executed in 1944. 4. A paramilitary wing of the Social Democratic Party, called the Reichsbanner, sabotaged railway lines and acted as spies. 5. During the war, ‘swing' groups were formed. These were young people who rejected Nazi values, drank alcohol and danced to jazz. More violent groups were called the Edelweiss Pirates. They daubed anti-Nazi slogans, sheltered deserters and beat up Nazi officials. In 1944, the Cologne Pirates (the Edelweiss Pirates based in Cologne) killed the Gestapo chief, so the Nazis publicly hanged 12 of them. . Many Protestant pastors, led by Martin Niemoller, formed the Confessional Church in opposition to Hitler's Reich Church. Niemoller was held in a concentration camp during the period 1937-1945. Another Protestant pastor, Dietrich Bonhoffer, took part in the 1944 bomb plot and was executed. 7. In 1944, a group of army officers and intellectuals called the Kreisau Circle tried to bomb Hitler. The bomb was planted by Colonel Stauffenberg. It exploded, but Hitler survived. In retaliation, 5,000 people were executed. Persecution Who did the Nazis persecute?The Nazis believed that only Germans could be citizens and that non-Germans did not have any right to the rights of citizenship. The Nazis racial philosophy taught that some races were untermensch (sub-human). Many scientists at this time believed that people with disabilities or social problems were genetic degenerates whose genes needed to be eliminated from the human bloodline. The Nazis, therefore: †¢ Tried to eliminate the Jews. †¢ Killed 85 per cent of Germany's Gypsies. †¢ Sterilised black people. †¢ Killed mentally disabled babies. †¢ Killed mentally ill patients. †¢ Sterilised physically disabled people and people with hereditary diseases. Sterilised deaf people. †¢ Put homosexuals, prostitutes, Jehovah's Witnesses, alcoholics, pacifists, beggars, hooligans and criminals – who they regarded as anti-social – into concentration camps. How the Nazis persecuted the Jews: key dates 1933 †¢ Boycott of Jewish businesses. †¢ Jewish civil servants, lawyers and teachers sacked. †¢ Race Science lessons to teach that Jews are inferior 1935 †¢ ‘Jews not wanted here' signs put up at swimming pools etc. †¢ Nuremberg laws (15 September) Je ws could not be citizens. They were not allowed to vote or to marry a German. 1938 †¢ Jews could not be doctors. Jews had to add the name Israel (men) or Sarah (women) to their name. †¢ Jewish children forbidden to go to school. †¢ Kristallnacht (9 November) – attacks on Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues [Synagogues: These are places of Jewish worship and community. ]. [pic] A shop damaged during Kristallnacht 1939 †¢ Jews were forced to live in ghettoes. 1941 †¢ Army Einsatzgruppen squads in Russia started mass-shootings of Jews. †¢ All Jews were forced to wear a yellow star of David. 1942 †¢ Wansee Conference (20 January) decided on the Final Solution, which was to gas all Europe's Jews.The main death camps were at Auschwitz, Treblinka and Sobibor. Economic policies and benefits Hitler's economic policy had four main ideas: 1. Full employment – the idea that everyone should have a job. By 1939, there was virtually no unemploym ent in Germany. 2. Beauty of Work – the Nazis set up the SdA (Beauty of Work) to help Germans see that work was good, and that everyone who could work should. In fact – because the Nazis had abolished the trade unions, banned strikes, and given more power to the industrialists – real wages fell and hours were longer under Hitler. 3. Re-armament begun in 1935 – the idea of ‘guns before butter'. . Autarky – there was an unsuccessful attempt at making Germany self-sufficient.The good life in Nazi Germany Despite the loss of political and religious freedom, life improved in Germany for many ordinary people who were prepared to ‘toe the line' and look the other way. †¢ Everybody had a job, and a wage. To people who had been unemployed and starving, ‘work and bread' was a wonderful blessing worth every civil liberty they lost. †¢ The Nazis set up KdF (Strength through Joy), which gave workers rewards for their work – ev ening classes, theatre trips, picnics, and even free holidays. The Nazis devised a scheme to allow workers to buy a Volkswagen Beetle car for a small weekly payment. †¢ People appreciated the public works – eg new schools and hospitals. †¢ Nazi Youth groups provided activities and holidays for young people. How Hitler increased employment Hitler introduced many policies to fulfil his goal of full employment: †¢ He stopped paying reparations and invested the money in German companies. †¢ He began a huge programme of public works including planting forests, and building hospitals and schools. He also built public buildings such as the 1936 Olympic Stadium.The construction of the autobahns created work for 80,000 men. †¢ Rearmament created jobs in the armaments industry. †¢ The introduction of national service meant all young men spent six months in the RAD [RAD: The labour service in which young men in Germany had to do a six-month compulsory stint . ] and then they were conscripted into the army. By 1939, 1. 4 million men were in the army, so they were not counted as unemployed. †¢ Many Jews were sacked and their jobs given to non-Jews. †¢ Many women were sacked and their jobs given to men.